Một số lệnh Linux hữu ích cho Penetration Testing

What version of the system?

cat /etc/issue
cat /etc/*-release
cat /etc/lsb-release
cat /etc/redhat-release

What is its kernel version?

cat /proc/version
uname -a
uname -mrs
rpm -q kernel
dmesg | grep Linux
ls /boot | grep vmlinuz

what is the environment variables?

cat /etc/profile
cat /etc/bashrc
cat ~/.bash_profile
cat ~/.bashrc
cat ~/.bash_logout
env
set

Is there a printer?

lpstat -a

What services are running? What kind of service has what user rights?

ps aux
ps -ef
top
cat /etc/service

Which services have root privileges? These services you look at those loopholes, to re-check!

ls -alh /usr/bin/
ls -alh /sbin/
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO
ls -alh /var/cache/yum/

Service settings, there is any wrong allocation? Are there any (vulnerable) plugins?

cat /etc/syslog.conf
cat /etc/chttp.conf
cat /etc/lighttpd.conf
cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
cat /etc/inetd.conf
cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
cat /etc/my.conf
cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ‘$1 ~ /^.*r.*/

What are the work plans on the host?
crontab -l
ls -alh /var/spool/cron
ls -al /etc/ | grep cron
ls -al /etc/cron*
cat /etc/cron*
cat /etc/at.allow
cat /etc/at.deny
cat /etc/cron.allow
cat /etc/cron.deny
cat /etc/crontab
cat /etc/anacrontab
cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

What are the plain text user names and passwords that may be on the host?
grep -i user [filename]
grep -i pass [filename]
grep -C 5 “password” [filename]
find . -name “*.php” -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n “var $password”

NIC (s), the system which? Which network is it connected to?
/sbin/ifconfig -a
cat /etc/network/interfaces
cat /etc/sysconfig/network

What are the network configuration settings? What kind of server in the network? DHCP server? DNS server? Gateway?
cat /etc/resolv.conf
cat /etc/sysconfig/network
cat /etc/networks
iptables -L
hostname
dnsdomainname

Other users host communication with the system?
lsof -i
lsof -i :80
grep 80 /etc/services
netstat -antup
netstat -antpx
netstat -tulpn
chkconfig –list
chkconfig –list | grep 3:on
last

Cache? IP and / or MAC address?
arp -e
route
/sbin/route -nee

Packet may sniff it? Can see what? Monitor traffic
# tcpdump tcp dst [ip] [port] and tcp dst [ip] [port]
tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.16 80 and tcp dst 10.0.0.15 21

How to port forwarding?
# fpipe

# FPipe.exe -l [local port] -r [remote port] -s [local port] [local IP]
FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7
#ssh

# ssh -[L/R] [local port]:[remote ip]:[remote port] [local user]@[local ip]
ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 [email protected].1.7 # Local Port
ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 [email protected].1.7 # Remote Port
#mknod

# mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p [remote port] < backpipe | nc [local IP] [local port] >backpipe
mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.1.1.251 80 >backpipe # Port Relay
mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080)
mknod

backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc
localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080)

who are you? Which id login? Who is logged in? Who else is here? Who can do what?

id
who
w
last
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: # List of users
grep -v -E “^#” /etc/passwd | awk -F: &#039;$3 == 0 { print $1}’ # List of super users
awk -F: ‘($3 == “0”) {print}&#039; /etc/passwd # List of super users
cat /etc/sudoers
sudo -l

What can be found in sensitive documents?
cat /etc/passwd
cat /etc/group
cat /etc/shadow
ls -alh /var/mail/

What interesting files are in home / directorie (s)? If you have permission to access
ls -ahlR /root/
ls -ahlR /home/

Are there any passwords, scripts, databases, configuration files, or log files? Password The default path and location
cat /var/apache2/config.inc
cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD
cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg

What has the user done? Is there any password? Do they have anything to edit?

cat ~/.bash_history
cat ~/.nano_history
cat ~/.atftp_history
cat ~/.mysql_history
cat ~/.php_history

You can find what kind of user information
cat ~/.bashrc
cat ~/.profile
cat /var/mail/root
cat /var/spool/mail/root

Private key Can information be found?
cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
cat ~/.ssh/identity.pub
cat ~/.ssh/identity
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa
cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config
cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key

Which users can write configuration files in / etc /? Ability to reconfigure services?
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ‘$1 ~ /^.*w.*/’ 2>/dev/null # Anyone
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ’$1 ~ /^..w/’ 2>/dev/null # Owner
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ‘$1 ~ /^…..w/’ 2>/dev/null # Group
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk ’;$1 ~ /w.$/’ 2>/dev/null # Other
find /etc/ -readable -type f 2>/dev/null # Anyone
find /etc/ -readable -type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null # Anyone

What can be found on /var/?
ls -alh /var/log
ls -alh /var/mail
ls -alh /var/spool
ls -alh /var/spool/lpd
ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql
ls -alh /var/lib/mysql
cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases

Any hidden configuration / files on the site? Profile and database information?

ls -alhR /var/www/
ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/
ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/
ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/
ls -alhR /var/www/html/

What’s in the log file? (What can help with “local file inclusion”?)
# http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/linux-var-log-files/
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log
cat /var/log/apache2/access_log
cat /var/log/apache2/access.log
cat /var/log/apache2/error_log
cat /var/log/apache2/error.log
cat /var/log/apache/access_log
cat /var/log/apache/access.log
cat /var/log/auth.log
cat /var/log/chttp.log
cat /var/log/cups/error_log
cat /var/log/dpkg.log
cat /var/log/faillog
cat /var/log/httpd/access_log
cat /var/log/httpd/access.log
cat /var/log/httpd/error_log
cat /var/log/httpd/error.log
cat /var/log/lastlog
cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log
cat /var/log/messages
cat /var/log/secure
cat /var/log/syslog
cat /var/log/wtmp
cat /var/log/xferlog
cat /var/log/yum.log
cat /var/run/utmp
cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log
cat /var/www/logs/access_log
cat /var/www/logs/access.log
ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/
ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/
ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/
ls -alh /var/log/samba/
#

In which directories can be written and executed? Several “common” directories: /tmp directory, /var /, / dev / shm directory
find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -o+w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders
find / -perm -o+x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders
find / ( -perm -o+w -perm -o+x ) -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders
Any “problem” files？
find / -xdev -type d ( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 ) -print # world-writeable files
find /dir -xdev ( -nouser -o -nogroup ) -print # Noowner files

What development tools / languages / support are installed?
find / -name perl*
find / -name python*
find / -name gcc*
find / -name cc

How do I upload a file?
find / -name wget
find / -name nc*
find / -name netcat*
find / -name tftp*
find / -name ftp

Theo: Kali